-
1 culture
noun1) Kultur, die2) (Agric., of bacteria) Kultur, die; (tillage of the soil) Landbau, der; (rearing, production) Zucht, die* * *1) (a form or type of civilization of a certain race or nation: the Jewish culture.) die Kultur2) (improvement of the mind etc by education etc: He was an enthusiastic seeker of culture.) die Bildung3) (educated taste in art, literature, music etc: He thinks that anyone who dislikes Bach is lacking in culture.) die Bildung4) ((a) cultivated growth of bacteria etc.) die Kultur5) (the commercial rearing of fish, certain plants etc.) die Zucht•- academic.ru/17754/cultural">cultural- cultured* * *cul·ture[ˈkʌltʃəʳ, AM -tʃɚ]I. nperson of \culture kultivierter Mann/kultivierte Frausilkworm \culture Seidenraupenzucht fto grow a \culture eine [Bakterien]kultur anlegento \culture cells/microorganisms Zellen/Mikroorganismen züchten* * *['kʌltʃə(r)]1. n1) Kultur fphysical culture (dated) — Körperkultur f (dated)
a man of culture/of no culture — ein kultivierter/unkultivierter Mann, ein Mann mit/ohne Kultur
to study German culture —
a culture of dependency, a dependency culture — eine Kultur der Abhängigkeit
2) (AGR, BIOL, MED) Kultur f; (of animals) Zucht f2. vt (BIOL, MED)eine Kultur anlegen von* * *culture [ˈkʌltʃə(r)]A s2. Anbau m, (Pflanzen) Zucht f:fruit culture Obstbau m3. Züchtung f, (Tier) Zucht f:culture of bees Bienenzucht4. Kultur f (angebaute Pflanzen)5. BIOLa) Züchtung f (von Bakterien, Gewebe etc)b) Kultur f:culture of mo(u)lds Pilzkultur7. (geistige) Kultur:a) (Geistes)Bildung fb) Kultiviertheit f, verfeinerte Lebensweise:he is a man of culture er hat Kultur, er ist kultiviert8. Kultur f:a) Kulturkreis mb) Kulturform f, -stufe fB v/t BIOLa) Bakterien etc züchtenb) eine Kultur züchten in (dat)* * *noun1) Kultur, die2) (Agric., of bacteria) Kultur, die; (tillage of the soil) Landbau, der; (rearing, production) Zucht, die* * *n.Kultur -en f. -
2 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.■ Goldey, David. "Elections and the Consolidation of Portuguese Democracy: 1974-1983." Electoral Studies 2, 3 (1983): 229-40.■ Graham, Lawrence S. "Institutionalizing Democracy: Governance in Post-1974 Portugal." In Ali Farazmand, ed., Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, 81-90. New York: Dekker, 1991.■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Gunther, Richard. "Spain and Portugal." In G. A. Dorfman and P. J. Duignan, eds., Politics in Western Europe, 186-236. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1988.■ Magone, José Maria. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. 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Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. 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S. de Winton. Survey of Education in Portugal. London, 1942.■ Hirsch, Elizabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist. The Hague, 1967.■ Lemos, Maximiano. Arquivos de História da Medicina Portuguesa. Several vols. Lisbon, 1886-1923. Vol. I. História da Medicina em Portugal. Doutrina e Instituições. Lisbon, 1899.■ Mira, Matias Ferreira de. História da Medicina Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1948.■ Orta, Garcia de. Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinais da India. Conde de Ficalho, ed., 2 vols. Lisbon, 1891-95.■ Osório, J. Pereira. História e Desenvolvimento da Ciência em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986-89.■ Pina, Luís de. "Uma prioridade portuguesa do século XVI. João de Barros e a Dactiloscópia Oriental." Arquivo da Repartição de Antropologia Criminal IV (1936).■. "As Ciências na História do Império Colonial Português — Séculos XV a XIX." Anais de Faculdade de Ciências do Porto ( 1939-10).■. "Os Portugueses Mestres de Ciência e Metras no Estrangeiro." Actas do Congresso do Mundo Português. Lisbon, 1940.■. "A Ciência em Portugal (bosquejo Histórico)." In Secretariado Nacional da Informação, ed., Portugal: Breviário Da Pátria Para Os Portugueses Ausentes, 277-301. Lisbon, 1946.■ Richards, Robert A. C., ed. Guide to World Science: Vol. 9: Spain and Portugal, 2nd ed. Guernsey, U.K.: F. H. Books, 1974.■ Saraiva, António José. História da Cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-62.■ ———. "João de Barros." In Serrao, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal 1 (1963): 307-8.■ Silvestre Ribeiro, José. História dos Establecimentos Scientíficos, Literários e Artísticos de Portugal nos Successivos Reinados da Monarchia, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1871-83.■ Veiga-Pires, J. A., and Ronald G. Grainger, eds. Pioneers in Angiography: The Portuguese School ofAngiography. Lancaster, U.K.: MTP Press, 1982.■ Walker, Timothy. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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3 corporate
corporate ['kɔ:pərət](b) (of a specific company) d'une société, de la société; (of companies in general) d'entreprise; (taxation) sur les sociétés;∎ to make one's way up the corporate ladder faire carrière dans l'entreprise;∎ if we are to be regarded as a good corporate citizen si nous voulons être considérés comme une entreprise qui assume ses responsabilités dans la société;∎ he's a good corporate man il est dévoué à l'entreprise;∎ the restaurant is hoping for good corporate business le restaurant espère attirer une nombreuse clientèle d'affaires;∎ Britain's largest corporate donors les entreprises donatrices les plus généreuses de Grande-Bretagne;∎ we have a number of corporate customers certains de nos clients sont des entreprises;∎ corporate customers provide the bulk of our profits la plus grande partie de nos bénéfices provient des entreprises;∎ one of our largest corporate sponsors un de nos plus importants sponsors(c) (collective → decision, responsibility) collectif►► corporate advertising publicité f institutionnelle, publicité f d'entreprise;corporate assets biens mpl sociaux;corporate banking banque f d'entreprise;corporate body personne f morale;corporate bond obligation f de sociétés;corporate budget budget m de l'entreprise;Finance corporate buy-out rachat m d'une entreprise par les salariés;corporate culture culture f d'entreprise;corporate entertainment divertissement m fourni par la société;corporate finance finance f d'entreprise;corporate hospitality = réceptions, déjeuners, billets de spectacles etc offerts par une entreprise à ses clients;corporate identity, corporate image image f de marque;∎ the company cares about its corporate image la société se préoccupe de son image;∎ the company's corporate image l'image f de la société;∎ our corporate image demands that… notre image en tant que société exige que…;corporate income revenu m de société;corporate income tax impôt m sur les bénéfices des sociétés;corporate institution personne f morale;corporate law droit m des sociétés ou des entreprises;corporate lawyer juriste m spécialisé en droit des sociétés;Finance corporate lending crédit m aux entreprises;corporate literature brochures fpl décrivant une société;corporate member (of association) société-membre f;corporate name raison f sociale;Stock Exchange corporate raider attaquant m;corporate sector secteur m des grandes entreprises;corporate sponsorship sponsoring m, parrainage m d'entreprises;corporate strategy stratégie f de l'entreprise;corporate structure structure f de l'entreprise;Finance corporate tax impôt m sur les sociétés -
4 Lawrence, Richard Smith
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 22 November 1817 Chester, Vermont, USAd. 10 March 1892 Hartford, Connecticut, USA[br]American gunsmith and inventor.[br]Richard S.Lawrence received only an elementary education and as a young man worked on local farms and later in a woodworking shop. His work there included making carpenters' and joiners' tools and he spent some of his spare time in a local gunsmith's shop. After a brief period of service in the Army, he obtained employment in 1838 with N.Kendall \& Co. of Windsor, Vermont, making guns at the Windsor prison. Within six months he was put in charge of the work, continuing in this position until 1842 when the gun-making ceased; he remained at the prison for a time in charge of the carriage shop. In 1843 he opened a gun shop in Windsor in partnership with Kendall, and the next year S.E. Robbins, a businessman, helped them obtain a contract from the Federal Government for 10,000 rifles. A new company, Robbins, Kendall \& Lawrence, was formed and a factory was built at Windsor. Three years later Kendall's share of the business was purchased by his partners and the firm became Robbins \& Lawrence. Lawrence supervised the design and production and, to improve methods of manufacture, developed new machine tools with the aid of F.W. Howe. In 1850 Lawrence introduced the lubrication of bullets, which practice ensured the success of the breech-loading rifle. Also in 1850, the company undertook to manufacture railway cars, but this involved them in a considerable financial loss. The company took to the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London, England, a set of rifles built on the interchangeable system. The interest this created resulted in a visit of some members of the British Royal Small Arms Commission to America and subsequently an order for 150 machine tools, jigs and fixtures from Robbins \& Lawrence, to be installed at the small-arms factory at Enfield. In 1852 the company contracted to manufacture Sharps rifles and carbines at a new factory to be built at Hartford, Connecticut. Lawrence moved to Hartford in 1853 to superintend the building and equipment of the plant. Shortly afterwards, however, a promised order for a large number of rifles failed to materialize and, following its earlier financial difficulties, Robbins \& Lawrence was forced into bankruptcy. The Hartford plant was acquired by the Sharps Rifle Company in 1856 and Lawrence remained there as Superintendent until 1872. From then he was for many years Superintendent of Streets in the city of Hartford and he also served on the Water Board, the Board of Aldermen and as Chairman of the Fire Board.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; repub. 1926, New York; and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (provides biographical information and includes in an Appendix (pp. 281–94) autobiographical notes written by Richard S.Lawrence in 1890).Merritt Roe Smith, 1974, "The American Precision Museum", Technology and Culture 15 (3): 413–37 (for information on Robbins \& Lawrence and products).RTSBiographical history of technology > Lawrence, Richard Smith
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5 corporate
corporatif(ive), d'entreprisecorporate advertising publicité f institutionnelle, publicité d'entreprise;corporate assets biens m pl sociaux;corporate banking banque f d'entreprise;corporate body personne f morale;corporate bond obligation f de société;corporate budget budget m de la société;corporate buy-out rachat m d'entreprise par les salariés;corporate card carte f de crédit professionnelle;corporate culture culture f d'entreprise;∎ their corporate culture emphasizes the need for continuous improvement in customer service leur culture d'entreprise insiste sur la nécessité d'améliorer constamment le service clientèle;corporate entertainment divertissement m fourni par la société;corporate environment environnement m institutionnel;corporate film film m d'entreprise ou institutionnel;corporate finance finance f d'entreprise;corporate finance manager financier(ère) m, f d'entreprise;corporate governance committee groupe m de travail interne au Conseil, comité m de gouvernement d'entreprise;corporate hospitality = réceptions, déjeuners, billets de spectacle etc offerts par une entreprise à ses clients;corporate identity, corporate image image f de marque;∎ the company cares about its corporate image la société se préoccupe de son image;corporate income revenu m de société;corporate income tax impôt m sur les bénéfices des sociétés;corporate institution personne morale;corporate law droit m des entreprises;corporate lawyer juriste m f spécialisé(e) en droit des entreprises;American corporate licensing cession f de licence de marque;corporate literature brochures f pl décrivant une société;corporate member (of association) société-membre f;corporate misery index = indice de mesure de l'évolution des marges bénéficiaires;corporate model modèle m d'entreprise;corporate name raison f sociale;corporate planning planification f de l'entreprise;corporate raider attaquant(e) m, f;corporate responsibility responsabilité f de l'entreprise;∎ the idea of corporate responsibility is now taken seriously by an increasing number of companies de plus en plus de sociétés prennent très au sérieux le concept de responsabilité de l'entreprise;corporate restructuring restructuration f;∎ two subsidiary companies will be sold off as part of the corporate restructuring plan deux des filiales seront vendues dans le cadre du plan de restructuration de la société;corporate sector secteur m des grandes entreprises;corporate sponsorship mécénat m d'entreprise, parrainage m d'entreprises, sponsoring m;corporate strategy stratégie f de l'entreprise;corporate structure structure f de l'entreprise;corporate tax impôt sur les sociétés;corporate video film d'entreprise ou institutionnel;American corporate welfare = aide financière apportée par l'État à des entreprises privéesAs if investors didn't have enough to worry about, a brokerage house has invented a new measure to show that the corporate profit recovery could take longer than the market and some analysts think. A key economic measure in the last decades of the 20th century was the "misery index," which combined inflation and unemployment to show how badly consumers were hurting. But the key gauge for the first decade of the new century could be something called the " corporate misery index."
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6 Root, Elisha King
[br]b. 10 May 1808 Ludlow, Massachusetts, USAd. 31 August 1865 Hartford, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]After an elementary education, Elisha K.Root was apprenticed as a machinist and worked in that occupation at Ware and Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts. In 1832 he went to Collinsville, Connecticut, to join the Collins Company, manufacturers of axes. He started as a lathe hand but soon became Foreman and, in 1845, Superintendent. While with the company, he devised and patented special-purpose machinery for forming axes which transformed the establishment from a primitive workshop to a modern factory.In 1849 Root was offered positions by four different manufacturers and accepted the post of Superintendent of the armoury then being planned at Hartford, Connecticut, by Samuel Colt for the manufacture of his revolver pistol, which he had invented in 1835. Initial acceptance of the revolver was slow, but by the mid1840s Colt had received sufficient orders to justify the establishment of a new factory and Root was engaged to design and install the machinery. The principle of interchangeable manufacture was adopted, and Root devised special machines for boring, rifling, making cartridges, etc., and a system of jigs, fixtures, tools and gauges. One of these special machines was a drop hammer that he invented and patented in 1853 and which established the art of die-forging on a modern basis. He was also associated with F.A. Pratt in the design of the "Lincoln" milling machine in 1855.When Colt died in 1862, Root became President of the company and continued in that capacity until his own death. It was said that he was one of the ablest and most highly paid mechanics from New England and that he was largely responsible for the success of both the Collins and the Colt companies.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (describes Root's work at the Colt Armory).Paul Uselding, 1974, "Elisha K.Root, Forging, and the “American System”", "Elisha K.Root, forging, and the “American System”", Technology and Culture 15:543–68 (provides further biographical details, his work with the Collins Company and a list of his patents).RTS -
7 face time
1) СМИ, рекл. эфирное время* (время, в течение которого некоторое лицо находится в телевизионном эфире)2) *время личного [очного\] контакта*а) марк. (время, проводимое коммивояжером или продавцом лицом к лицу с клиентом)б) упр., соц. (время, в течение которого люди общаются не посредством телекоммуникации, а лицом к лицу)See:3) упр. присутствие на работе, присутственное время (может подразумеваться как присутствие в течение рабочего дня, так и присутствие на работе за пределами рабочего дня)The culture of the company rewarded "face time," and employees who put in less than full time — in fact, who failed to work extra hours — would rarely be properly recognized or compensated by the company. — В этой компании было принято вознаграждать в зависимости от присутствия на работе, и люди, которые отдавали работе не все свое время, то есть не оставались после рабочего дня, редко получали признание и вознаграждение.
Some organizations like employees to put in "face time." This means sticking around the office to make yourself visible, even if you have nothing to do. You might be through with your work and ready to go home at 5:00 p.m., but there is an unspoken rule that no one starts to head out until 6:15 p.m. — Некоторые организации поощряют присутствие работников на рабочем месте. Это значит, что работник может болтаться в офисе, чтобы его видели, даже если ему нечего делать. Вы можете закончить свою работы и быть готовым к уходу домой в 17 часов, но есть негласное правило, согласно которому нельзя покидать своего места до 18:15.
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8 mission
сущ.1)а) общ. миссия; делегацияpeace [goodwill\] mission — миссия мира [доброй воли\]
See:б) пол. миссия, постоянное дипломатическое представительство2) упр. поручение, задание; (служебная) командировкаto accomplish [carry out, perform\] mission — выполнять поручение
3)а) общ. цель жизни; предназначениеб) упр., марк. миссия (функция организации как части социальной или экономической системы; исходя из нее определяются цели организации)The mission of our company is to provide you with a quality product at an affordable price. — Миссия нашей компании — предоставить вам качественный товар по доступной цене.
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9 marketing audit
Mktgan analysis of either the external marketing environment or a company’s internal marketing goals, objectives, operations, and efficiency. An external marketing audit covers issues such as economic, political, infrastructure, technological, and consumer perspectives; market size and structure; and competitors, suppliers, and distributors. An internal marketing audit covers aspects such as the company’s mission statement, goals, and objectives; its structure, corporate culture, systems, operations, and processes; product development and pricing; profitability and efficiency; advertising; and deployment of the sales force. -
10 going forward
•• * Выражение going forward получило распространение в основном в среде бизнеса. Пример с сайта http://business.iafrica.com:
•• The cost base adjustment made by London-listed specialist banker Investec last year is paying off and the group is a lot more confident going forward, CEO Stephen Koseff said on Monday.
•• Большого смысла в добавлении этого словосочетания в данном случае нет. Можно перевести просто:
•• <...> компания чувствует себя гораздо более уверенно/более уверенно смотрит в будущее.
•• Из этой среды выражение просачивается и в лексикон политиков. Так, на сайте Народной национальной партии Ямайки я обнаружил:
•• Going forward, the Party as well as the government and the nongovernmental community, must take those steps which are possible within existing resources, to promote a culture of production.
•• И здесь я не вижу особой added value (см. это выражение в статье value в «Моем несистематическом словаре») в употреблении этого выражения:
•• В своей ( дальнейшей) деятельности партия, так же как и правительство и неправительственные организации, должна в рамках имеющихся возможностей способствовать формированию общественной атмосферы, стимулирующей производство (перевод культура производства был бы неверен, так как это выражение употребляется у нас в другом значении).
•• Неплохое определение выражения going forward находим на сайте http://whatis.techtarget.com:
•• Going forward is a relatively new and apparently convenient way to indicate a progression in time from the present. The term suggests a continuing and progressive movement rather than, as “ in the future” can sometimes mean, some specific future date. Like many such expressions, it means enough to be useful while also being suitably vague. The term is widely used in annual reports and other corporate statements and, like such terms as venue and cautionary tale, seems to have been readily adopted by news media writers. The term has become increasingly popular in press releases from Internet start-ups and newly public companies.
•• По-русски лучше всего не мудрить: в перспективе, в дальнейшем. Кстати, на сайте http://whatis.techtarget.com можно найти немало интересных определений. Например:
•• In information technology, vanilla (pronounced vah-NIHL-uh) is an adjective meaning plain or basic. The unfeatured version of a product is sometimes referred to as the vanilla version. [То есть без наворотов.]
•• The term is based on the fact that vanilla is the most popular or at least the most commonly served flavor of ice cream. Or, as Eric Raymond, editor of The New Hacker’s Dictionary, puts it, the default ice cream. (См. статью default)
•• Интересно, что на том же сайте отмечается и другое употребление:
•• “ Going forward” also has a longer-standing usage as the starting, continuing, or resumption of activity on something that has been planned previously, such as an engineering project or a summit conference.
•• Перевод, как видно по весьма эластичному определению, должен быть контекстуальным. Пример с сайта CNN.com:
•• Justice going forward with probe into leak of CIA name. – Министерство юстиции приняло решение/ намерено провести расследование (или просто проведет расследование) утечки информации о сотруднике ЦРУ.
•• Надо сказать, что неумеренное употребление этого выражения вызывает у многих раздражение. Вот реплика посетителя сайта http://www.darwinmag.com:
•• The term “ going forward” in relation to the time in which any particular solution is to be implemented irks me to no end.
•• Близко к going forward выражение down the road, которое тоже любят бизнесмены и журналисты, пишущие о бизнесе. По-русски это тоже в перспективе, но down the road чаще говорят о более неопределенных перспективах – когда-нибудь в будущем. Характерный пример из International Herald Tribune:
•• Severstal management owns roughly 83 percent of the company’s stock, <...> and that concentration of ownership in management’s hands could present a risk for minority investors down the road.
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11 vogue words, buzz words and catch phrases
•• Речевая мода и ее влияние на язык – тема неисчерпаемая. Модные слова, «словечки», выражения, фразы – все то, что объединяется английскими словосочетаниями в заголовке этой статьи, – играют огромную роль в развитии любого языка, возможно не меньшую, чем необходимость именовать новые явления действительности. Нельзя согласиться с мнением, что языковая мода – явление чисто паразитарное, эфемерное, что модные слова исчезают, не оставляя следа или перерождаются в стертые клише. Во всех этих «обвинениях» есть доля истины (достаточно вспомнить такие модные сейчас слова-паразиты как как бы и на самом деле), но человек, который хочет понять язык и общество, не может позволить себе ими ограничиваться. Что касается переводчика, то он должен «следить за модой» во всех языках, с которыми он работает.
•• Почему в какой-то момент большинство из нас вдруг начинает все чаще говорить «однозначно», «структуры», «вменяемый», «разборка», «подковерная борьба» и тому подобное? Для всех этих слов и выражений нетрудно найти синонимы, которыми мы раньше прекрасно обходились. Некоторые из этих слов встречались в нашей речи и раньше, правда, далеко не так часто, как до возникшего поветрия. То же самое происходит время от времени и в английском языке. Чаще всего это происходит так: все большее число говорящих подхватывают какое-либо слово или выражение из числа общеупотребительных (relate to, manipulate, pipeline), терминологических (schizophrenia, subtext, synergy, oxymoron), жаргонных (no-brainer, reality check) и даже иностранных (déjà vu, chic, macho) и без особой на то видимой причины такое слово становится общепонятным в определенном значении (иногда туманном, размытом – relate to, forward-looking, а иногда – в четком и даже единичном – no-brainer, subtext). К этой же категории я отношу популярные в какой-то период словосочетания и «прецедентные высказывания» типа Нам такой хоккей не нужен или The buck stops here (см. статью policy, politics, politician). Учитывая необъятность темы, ограничимся краткими комментариями к этим и нескольким другим чисто иллюстративным примерам.
•• basket case – это словосочетание приобрело широкое хождение в последние годы, чаще всего в варианте economic basket case:
•• 1. South Korea’s President converted an economic basket case into an industrial powerhouse (Time). – Президент Южной Кореи привел страну от экономической разрухи к расцвету индустриальной мощи;
•• 2. After World War I, when the Hapsburg empire was split up, little Austria seemed a basket case (Paul A. Samuelson). – После второй мировой войны и распада габсбургской империи казалось, что экономика маленькой Австрии обречена.
•• Последний пример заимствован из The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Правда, я не согласен с авторами словаря, относящими это выражение к сленгу. Но его определение здесь – ясное и точное: one that is in a completely hopeless or useless condition. Словарь приводит и мрачновато-циничную этимологию этого словосочетания: In origin it had a physical meaning. In the grim slang of the British army during World War I, it referred to a quadruple amputee. Многочисленные примеры подтверждают следующее наблюдение: In popular usage basket case refers to someone in a hopeless mental condition. Вот фраза, найденная на сайте www.gospelcom.net: I don’t want to turn my daughter into some kind of high pressured basket case. – Я не хочу, чтобы моя дочь превратилась в измотанного/перегруженного проблемами неврастеника. If Gloria has one more crisis, she’ll be a basket case (Wayne Magnuson). – Еще один такой кризис, и Глорию впору будет лечить. В 80-е годы культовую популярность приобрел фильм режиссера Фрэнка Хененлаттера Basket Case, но его сюжет подсказывает скорее дословный перевод – «Человек из корзины» (можно, наверное попробовать и что-нибудь типа «Совсем пропащий»).
•• been there, done that – модное выражение, означающее то же самое, что наше на эти грабли мы (вы) уже наступали. Встречается в речи госсекретаря США Мадлен Олбрайт (вообще любительницы модных словечек);
•• bragging rights – This gives him bragging rights – это то же самое, что и одинаково модное выражение his claim to fame – предмет гордости или апломба;
•• breathless – в значении, иллюстрируемом приводимыми ниже примерами, этого слова нет ни в одном (!) известном мне словаре английского языка. Возможно, оно не выделяется говорящими по-английски как отдельное значение, но, на мой взгляд, оно этого явно заслуживает. Итак, примеры:
•• 1. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld spent an hour on television refuting “the questions, allegations and breathless reports” [about the treatment of Al Qaeda prisoners] (Washington Post);
•• 2. Malcolm Parks, a communications professor at the University of Washington, accuses Young of making “breathless statements” based on skewed stories (Reason Magazine);
•• 3. More disturbing than this announcement is the Tennis Academy’s breathless characterization of Monique (сайт CNN и Sports Illustrated – www.cnnsi.com).
•• Посмотрим теперь значения этого слова по одному из наиболее полных словарей – The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language:
•• 1. Breathing with difficulty; gasping: was breathless from running. 2. Marked by the suspension of regular breathing, as from tension or excitement: a breathless audience. 3. Causing or capable of causing the suspension of regular breathing; tense or exciting: a breathless flight. 4. a) Not breathing; without breath. b) Dead. 5. Having no air or breeze; still: a breathless summer day.
•• Ни одно из определений явно не подходит к значению слова breathless в наших примерах. Это значение вытекает из своего рода «метафорического расширения» – представим себе человека, делающего какое-то заявление или высказывание, если можно так выразиться, не переводя дыхания, не вздохнув, не подумав. Отсюда предлагаемые переводы. В первом случае: Министр обороны Рамсфельд в течение часа опровергал по телевидению «безосновательные утверждения, вопросы и сообщения» (позволим себе здесь небольшую перестановку). Во втором случае: ...поспешные заявления, основанные на искаженной информации. Наконец, в третьем примере (disturbing... breathless characterization) можно говорить о непродуманной и даже неумной характеристике. В других контекстах могут пригодиться прилагательные опрометчивый, бездумный и, может быть, даже скоропостижный в его новомодном значении (см. русско-английскую часть словаря);
•• closure – основное значение этого слова (например, в словосочетаниях school closure, military base closure, closure of debate) соответствует русским словам закрытие, завершение, прекращение. Подбор правильного соответствия не требует особых усилий. Правда, в некоторых случаях желательно достаточно полно представлять себе, о чем идет речь. Так, в последнем примере – closure of debate - имеется в виду принятая в Конгрессе США специальная процедура голосования с целью прекратить так называемый филибастер – преднамеренное затягивание прений. Этимологически и в смысловом отношении близко к первоначальному и значение этого слова в словосочетании closure of a deal - примерно то же самое, что у нас оформление сделки. Webster’s Third International Dictionary дает как устаревшее значение agreement. Мне, однако, не раз приходилось слышать его именно в этом значении из уст госсекретаря США Джорджа Шульца: We need to come to closure on this issue before the summit. Дальнейшее развитие основного значения привело к широко распространившемуся в последнее время новому оттенку, еще не отраженному в большинстве словарей. Определение, найденное мною в Cambridge Dictionary of American English, оставляет желать лучшего: the satisfying feeling that something bad or shocking has finally ended (и пример: Only the recovery of the bodies of the victims of the crash would bring closure to their families). Все в этом определении, особенно слово satisfying, сильно огрубляет действительную картину.
•• Обратимся к материалу телеканала «Би-би-си» о состоявшейся 28 октября 2001 года в Нью-Йорке поминальной службе по жертвам трагедии 11 сентября: One word was on everyone’s lips at Sunday’s memorial service for victims of the World Trade Center disaster – “closure”. Дальше в тексте множество «подсказок», позволяющих точнее истолковать это слово: It is difficult for the grieving relatives to come to terms with their loss... It’s difficult to come to grips with... It’s another step in putting this behind you... и наоборот: This is not closure to me, it just opens a wound. I don’t think I’ll ever heal from this. В другом контексте: Jessica Patterson, a former Enron employee, said Jeffrey K. Skilling, the former chief executive [...] “didn’t say anything that brought any closure” (New York Times). Как мне кажется, перевод этого слова в данном значении почти всегда контекстуален и в какой-то мере – дело вкуса и такта. Это может быть облегчение, исцеление, вариант с глаголами примириться или смириться (с потерей), может быть, даже итог или катарсис. Впрочем, иногда перевод, как говорится, напрашивается: There was much questioning whether the trial would finally bring closure to the single darkest event in the history of Alabama (www.africana.com). – Многие задаются вопросом, сможет ли этот судебный процесс подвести черту под самым мрачным событием в истории Алабамы;
•• conventional wisdom – популярное с некоторых пор выражение, означающее общепринятое мнение (далее обычно следует его опровержение или уточнение);
•• to be in denial – из психиатрии это выражение перешло в разряд широко употребительных. Из письма возмущенного читателя (явно не поклонника Клинтона) в редакцию журнала Time: Are we in denial? Are we not aware that America’s declining moral and ethical standards are reflected in the polls that sanction the alleged conduct of the President? ( Sanction здесь означает одобрять, допускать. Случай употребления этого слова в обратном по существу значении см. в статье treat, treatment.) В психиатрии to be in denial означает отторгать, не желать воспринимать неприятную, негативную информацию. В переводе данного примера можно ограничиться вполне обиходным Неужели мы не хотим видеть очевидного?
•• empower – сверхмодное слово! Его и образованные от него слова см. в статье empower, empowering, empowerment;
•• forward-looking – стало модно в самое последнее время. Значение довольно размытое. Что-то среднее между прогрессивный, перспективный и интересный, серьезный;
•• fungible – до недавнего времени это модное словцо, в переводе которого словари вряд ли помогут, встречалось в основном в финансово-экономических текстах: Money is fungible означает, что деньги легко перетекают из одной сферы в другую, что они не могут быть «помечены». Удачного сжатого русского перевода мне не встречалось. Но вот недавно в журнале Fortune обратило на себя внимание такое предложение: In Florio’s hands, truth is a fungible commodity. Inside the company it is well known, as a former executive puts it, that “anytime Florio tells you a number, you should cut it in half.” Из контекста очевиден смысл: Для Флорио правда – понятие растяжимое. Еще пример из «антиклинтоновской речи» сенатора Либермана: I am afraid that the misconduct the president has admitted may be reinforcing one of the worst messages being delivered by our popular culture, which is that values are fungible. Здесь тот же смысл:...недопустимое поведение президента подкрепляет утвердившееся в нашей культуре вредоносное утверждение, что мораль – понятие растяжимое/условное/относительное;
•• get a life – недавно это выражение встретилось в неожиданном контексте – кроссворде в газете New York Times. Там оно определено просто – a 90’s catch phrase. Обычно эта фраза (в повелительном наклонении) обращена к юным лоботрясам: Get a life! Означает примерно Возьмись за ум! или Не проспи жизнь!
•• hoops – новомодное (после вышедшего несколько лет назад одноименного документального фильма о подающих надежды юных баскетболистах) значение этого слова пока нашло отражение только в некоторых Интернет-словарях, например в www.dictionary.com. Hoops – баскетбол (делится на pro и college – профессиональный и по правилам университетской лиги), hoopster – баскетболист;
•• governance – согласно словарям – книжное. В последнее время стало широко употребимым. См. в статье government, governance;
•• hyperventilate – Новый БАРС содержит слово hyperventilation с пометой физиол., мед. – гипервентиляция, перенасыщение кислородом крови. Глагол to hyperventilate – глубоко дышать, практиковать глубокое дыхание. В толковых словарях английского языка информации больше. The American Heritage Dictionary определяет to hyperventilate как to breathe abnormally fast or deeply; to breathe in this manner as from excitement or anxiety. Войдя в моду, это слово стало означать нечто вроде задыхаться от возмущения, возбуждения или в пылу полемики. Часто приходится подыскивать контекстуальный перевод, что можно проиллюстрировать следующими примерами:
•• 1. Some of Mr. Ashcroft’s critics want to use his nomination to hyperventilate about abortion and the like (Wall Street Journal). - Некоторые критики г-на Эшкрофта хотят использовать его назначение, чтобы устроить истерику по поводу таких проблем, как аборты;
•• 2. Try not to hyperventilate and reach for the Rolaids when CNBC shows shiny graphics of your stocks soaring on one day and plummeting the next (из брошюры инвестиционного дома Charles Schwab Tips on Buying Stocks for Beginners). – Старайтесь не паниковать/не падать в обморок всякий раз, когда вы видите по телевизору красочные диаграммы, показывающие, как акции, еще вчера шедшие резко вверх, обрушиваются вниз ( Rolaids – таблетки от изжоги, но в данном случае этой реалией можно в переводе пренебречь);
•• 3. Even if you hyperventilate at the idea of looking for a new job, there are times when you should do it (Washingtonian). – Даже если вам противна сама мысль о поисках работы, бывают моменты, когда этим приходится заняться;
•• 4. Democrats, it seems, are into sex, while Republicans hyperventilate on power (рецензия на кинофильм Clear and Present Danger). – Похоже, что демократы увлекаются сексом, а республиканцы помешаны на власти;
•• manipulate, manipulative – не все словари фиксируют значение этого глагола ловко использовать в собственных целях. Соответственно, модное He is very manipulative невозможно перевести при помощи «эквивалента», предлагаемого Новым БАРСом,- связанный с манипуляцией, управлением ( машиной и т.п.). Возможный контекстуальный перевод: Он мастер интриги или Он ловко манипулирует людьми;
•• no-brainer – из молодежного жаргона перешло в обиходную речь многих американцев (аналогичный пример – слова cool, weird, в комментариях не нуждающиеся). Значение этого словца простое – эквивалент нашего тоже «молодежного» – это ежу ясно;
•• oxymoron – для большинства из нас полузабытый термин из области языкознания (стилистический прием, основанный на сочетании антонимических по значению слов, например, cruel kindness). Для образованных англичан и американцев – любое внутренне противоречивое высказывание или явление (см. также статью schizophrenia, schizophrenic). The radical center is an oxymoron only if you believe that the left and right still define all the worthwhile ideas and policies (New Yorker). – Концепция «радикального центра» внутренне противоречива лишь в глазах тех, кто считает, что все идеи и политические направления по-прежнему сводятся к «левым» и «правым»;
•• pipeline – пример модного сейчас употребления этого слова (кстати, отраженного в наиболее полных словарях) из журнала Fortune: The firm is running off its backlog, and the pipeline is running dry. – Фирма работает за счет прежних заказов, а новых становится все меньше. In the pipeline – близко к русскому в работе, на подходе;
•• proactive – см. отдельную словарную статью;
•• reinvent – вошло в моду в 1990-е годы. To reinvent government – переосмыслить роль государства; to reinvent welfare – перестроить систему социальной помощи;
•• relate to – фраза I don’t relate to it может означать едва ли не все, что угодно, например, Мне это неинтересно, или Я этого не понимаю, или даже Я с этим не согласен. То входит в моду, то выходит из нее;
•• reality check – первоначально из молодежного жаргона. Из речи yuppies – состоятельных молодых людей либеральных профессий – перекочевало в лексику различных слоев общества. Mrs. Albright... said she aimed to provide both Israelis and Palestinians with a reality check (International Herald Tribune). – Олбрайт заявила, что собирается напомнить как израильтянам, так и палестинцам о некоторых реальностях;
•• schizophrenia – см. отдельную словарную статью;
•• stakeholder – до недавнего времени просто акционер, но в последние два-три года с быстротой молнии распространилось новое значение – сторона, участник какого-либо общественного процесса. Как правило, имеются в виду государство, деловые круги, общественные движения, организации, отражающие интересы различных слоев общества, и т.д. Отсюда словосочетание multistakeholder dialogue, которое, чтобы не усложнять себе жизнь, лучше переводить просто многосторонний диалог;
•• synergy – согласно Новому БАРСу, это слово относится либо к медицинской терминологии ( синергия), либо к разряду книжных слов. В современном английском встречается сплошь и рядом в значении сочетание взаимно усиливающих друг друга сил, явлений, тенденций и т.п. или просто любое сочетание, как в этом примере из журнала New Yorker: I don’t think that these synergies would work. I wonder whether a writer would want to spend his time managing his business rather than writing;
•• vision – это чрезвычайно модное слово см. в статье philosophy;
•• to walk the talk – неожиданно вошедшая в моду фраза, выражающая мысль о том, что слово не должно расходиться с делом. Lazard is a group of important people giving important people advice. Doubtless Rohatyn counted himself among the former, and he did walk the talk (Fortune);
•• - wise – так же, как и -ism, относится к модным суффиксам. При его помощи образуются какие угодно слова – policy-wise, talent-wise, credibility-wise и т.д. Все они без особого труда понимаются и переводятся при помощи словосочетаний с точки зрения, в смысле, в аспекте.
•• В заключение простой совет – не увлекайтесь модными словами и фразами (равно как и жаргонными и другими фразеологическими выражениями) по крайней мере до тех пор, пока у вас не будет уверенности, что вы их полностью «прочувствовали». Иначе можно попасть впросак, перепутав или смысл, или связанные со словом ассоциации, или допустив совсем ненужную вам иронию. За модой надо, конечно, следить, быть «во всеоружии», но, мне кажется, что говорить на иностранном языке, да и на родном, надо просто и ясно.
English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > vogue words, buzz words and catch phrases
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12 Glacier studies
Gen Mgtresearch experiments conducted at the Glacier Metal Company in London from 1948 to 1965 to investigate the development of group relations, the effects of change, and employee roles and responsibilities. The Glacier studies were conducted by the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations with the research being headed by Elliot Jaques and Fred Emery. Findings from the initial study came from a methodology called “working-through,” which examined possible social and personal factors at play in any potential dispute. From this arose an early form of works council where employees could participate in setting policy for their department. It was also discovered that employees felt the need to have their role and status defined in a way acceptable to both themselves and their colleagues. This research into job roles led Jaques to come up with the notion of the time span of discretion, according to which all jobs, no matter how strictly defined, have some level of content that requires judgment and therefore discretion by the jobholder. Jaques then examined this phenomenon in bureaucratic organizations. In defining a bureaucracy as a hierarchical system in which employees are accountable to their bosses for the work they do, he took a different stance from Max Weber. Much like the Hawthorne experiments, the Glacier studies had far-reaching implications for the way organizations were managed. The initial findings were written up by Jaques in The Changing Culture of a Factory (1951). In 1965, Jaques published the Glacier Project Papers with Wilfred Brown, the managing director of Glacier. -
13 enterprise
1) (something that is attempted or undertaken (especially if it requires boldness or courage): business enterprises; a completely new enterprise.) empresa2) (willingness to try new lines of action: We need someone with enterprise and enthusiasm.) iniciativa•enterprise n empresatr['entəpraɪz]1 (venture) empresa, proyecto2 (initiative) energía, iniciativa, espíritu nombre masculino emprendedor3 (firm) empresa\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLenterprise zone zona de urgente reindustrializaciónprivate enterprise el sector privado, la iniciativa privadapublic enterprise el sector públicoenterprise ['ɛntər.praɪz] n1) undertaking: empresa f2) business: empresa f, firma f3) initiative: iniciativa f, empuje mn.• acometida s.f.• brío s.m.• empresa s.f.• empuje s.m.• iniciativa s.f.• resolución s.f.'entərpraɪz, 'entəpraɪz1)a) c ( project) empresa fb) u (initiative, daring) empuje m, iniciativa f2)a) c ( company) empresa fb) u ( business activity)['entǝpraɪz]private enterprise — la iniciativa privada; ( sector) el sector privado
1. N1) (=firm, undertaking) empresa f2) (=initiative) iniciativa f2.CPDenterprise zone N — zona declarada de especial interés para el fomento de actividades empresariales
* * *['entərpraɪz, 'entəpraɪz]1)a) c ( project) empresa fb) u (initiative, daring) empuje m, iniciativa f2)a) c ( company) empresa fb) u ( business activity)private enterprise — la iniciativa privada; ( sector) el sector privado
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14 fungible
1. In Florio's hands, truth is a fungible commodity, inside the company it is well known, as a former executive puts it, that "anytime Florio tells you a number, you should cut it in half." — Для Флорио правда — понятие растяжимое...
2. I am afraid that the misconduct the president has admitted may be reinforcing one of the worst messages being delivered by our popular culture, which is that values are fungible. —...недопустимое поведение президента подкрепляет утвердившееся в нашей культуре вредоносное утверждение, что мораль — понятие растяжимое/условное/относительное.
The English annotation is below. (English-Russian) > fungible
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15 TC
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Transcribing Complex, ТК (торговая компания)2) Компьютерная техника: Table Caption, Terminal Control, Text Compression, Transaction Computer, Transaction Controller, tertiary centre3) Биология: total capacity4) Авиация: Transit Corridor (NATO) (Air lanes established for transit in the rear area of the battle theater), Test cell5) Медицина: Therapeutic Community6) Американизм: Tax Credit, Time Conflict, Total Control, Total Costs, Trade Classification, Trilateral Commission7) Спорт: командные соревнования8) Военный термин: Tactical Computer, Tank Company, Tank Corps, Target Concept, Test Case, Test Comprehensiveness, Thin Client, Tiger Cat, Tin Can, Total Confusion, Total Conversion, Transition Component, Transport Command, Transport Cradles, Transportation Coordinator, Transportation Corps, Tunnel Coordinates, Type Code, tactical command, tactical control, tactical coordinator, tank car, tank commander, target chart, target classification, target complex, team chief, technical center, technical characteristics, technical circular, technical committee, technical communications, technical control, temporary commission, terminal correction, terrain clearance, terrain correction, test center, test chief, test console, test control, test controller, test coordinator, time constant, topographic center, torpedo control, total cost, track commander, traffic control, training cadre, training camp, training center, training chest, training company, training cost, transit corridor, transport capacity, transport column, transport company, transport, cargo, transportation chief, travel card, trial counsel, troop, troop carrier, troop commander, truncated cone, till countermanded, тактический компьютер9) Техника: Threshold Circuit, Transmitting Circuits, technicolor, telecommunications, telegraph central office, telegraph repeater set, telephone central office, telephone repeater set, temporary correction, test categories, tetracycle, thermal compression, time compensation, timing channel, toll center, tone control, track chambers division, tracking camera, tracking console, tracking cross, traffic control unit, transceiver code, военное обозначение буксируемых кабелей, Tilting Cylinder( наклонный цилиндр)10) Шутливое выражение: Terror Cat, Tickle Club, Timothy Club, Tiny Chris, Total Clown, Tough Cat11) Химия: Temperature Compensated, Theoretical Chemistry, tungsten carbide( карбид вольфрама; твёрдый сплав)12) Математика: Transitive Closure13) Религия: Teen Christians, The Calling, The Chosen, The Crossover, Transcend Christ, Trenton Catholic, True Christians14) Юридический термин: Tax Court, Tribal Council15) Экономика: traveller's check, общие издержки (total costs)16) Страхование: Transcontainer17) Автомобильный термин: turbocharger, traction control18) Биржевой термин: Top Cap19) Ветеринария: Teeth And Claws, Tubby Cat20) Грубое выражение: Tiny Cock, Too Chubby21) Металлургия: Telescoping Collar22) Политика: United Arab Emirates23) Телекоммуникации: Telephone Call, Terminating Channel, Transmission Control, Transport Connection, telecommunications closet, Transmitted Signal Element Timing (DCE Source, EIA-232)24) Сокращение: Civil aircraft marking (Turkey), Tactical Controller, Teachers College, Telemeter Channel, Time Check, Training Camp / Centre, Training Cargo, Trusteeship Council, Turks and Caicos Islands, tape core, temperature compensating, terra cotta, thread cutting, timed closing, toilet case, top chord25) Текстиль: Two Clusters26) Университет: Test Consequence, Test Curve27) Физика: Temperature Control, Thermal Control28) Физиология: Thecal Cell, Throat culture, Tissue Culture, Total Cholesterol29) Электроника: Technical Component, Tesla Coil, Timely Cycle, True Complement30) Вычислительная техника: Terminal Computer, Transaction Capabilities, teracycle, time of computation, transfer complete, transfer control, transmission controller, transmission convergence, Task Committee (IFIP), Technical Committee (ISO, OASIS)31) Нефть: service water storage tank, time charter, tool closed, top choke, tubing choke, верхний штуцер (top choke), карбид вольфрама (tungsten carbide), скважинный инструмент закрыт (tool closed), устьевой штуцер (top choke), штуцер насосно-компрессорной колонны (tubing choke)32) Иммунология: Treatment Coefficient33) Биохимия: Tetracycline34) Транспорт: Tariff Class, Tercel Coupe, Tire Chalked, Toilet Car, Touring Car, Touring Coupe, Trans Canada, Transportation Centre, Truck Camper, Truck Crane, Turbo Compound, Twin Cam, Twin Carburettor, Two Cycle35) Пищевая промышленность: Totally Crunchy, Tropical Chicken, Tuff Cat, Tuna Casserole36) Воздухоплавание: Terminal Control Areas37) Фирменный знак: Techno- Components, Theatre Company, Tramway Company, Transport Canada38) СМИ: Textual Criticism, The Times Courier, Title Card, Top Celeb39) Деловая лексика: Tech Center, Too Cheap40) Бурение: инструмент закрыт (tool closed; скважинный)41) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: toxic chemical, контроллер температуры (Temperature controller), регулятор температуры (temperature controller)42) Образование: Teens Conference43) Инвестиции: traveler's check44) Сетевые технологии: Transport Convergence45) ЕБРР: technical cooperation46) Полимеры: technically classified, temperature coefficient, thermocouple, time closing, total carbon47) Автоматика: teflon composite48) Полупроводники: Curie temperature49) Сахалин Р: Temperature controller, temperature controller50) Химическое оружие: Ton container, to contain, toxicity characteristic, type classification51) Макаров: terminal controller, terminate counting, thermal conductivity, thermocompression, time code52) Безопасность: Transform Coding53) Расширение файла: Tape Command, Termcap, Turbo C Configuration file54) SAP.тех. экранная таблица55) Логистика: treatment charge (авиапоставка), транспортная служба56) Строительные материалы: tungsten carbide57) Электротехника: temperature compensation, test chamber, test conductor, thermocurrent, tinned copper, transient conditions, trip coil58) Фантастика Terra Crusher59) Имена и фамилии: Tamara Cole, Tom Clark, Tom Cruise60) Молекулярная биология: tropocollagen61) Общественная организация: Tomorrow's Child62) Должность: Technical Communication, Technology Consultant, Tennis Coach, Top Cop63) Чат: Thread Count, Too Cool, Too Cute, Too Cynical, Topic Centric, Totally Clueless, Tough Cookie64) Правительство: Traverse City, Twin Cities65) NYSE. Thailand Capital Fund, Inc.66) НАСА: Telecommand, Terrestrial Class67) Программное обеспечение: Tab Crawler68) СМС: Take Care69) Международные перевозки: traffic conference area (IATA) -
16 Tc
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Transcribing Complex, ТК (торговая компания)2) Компьютерная техника: Table Caption, Terminal Control, Text Compression, Transaction Computer, Transaction Controller, tertiary centre3) Биология: total capacity4) Авиация: Transit Corridor (NATO) (Air lanes established for transit in the rear area of the battle theater), Test cell5) Медицина: Therapeutic Community6) Американизм: Tax Credit, Time Conflict, Total Control, Total Costs, Trade Classification, Trilateral Commission7) Спорт: командные соревнования8) Военный термин: Tactical Computer, Tank Company, Tank Corps, Target Concept, Test Case, Test Comprehensiveness, Thin Client, Tiger Cat, Tin Can, Total Confusion, Total Conversion, Transition Component, Transport Command, Transport Cradles, Transportation Coordinator, Transportation Corps, Tunnel Coordinates, Type Code, tactical command, tactical control, tactical coordinator, tank car, tank commander, target chart, target classification, target complex, team chief, technical center, technical characteristics, technical circular, technical committee, technical communications, technical control, temporary commission, terminal correction, terrain clearance, terrain correction, test center, test chief, test console, test control, test controller, test coordinator, time constant, topographic center, torpedo control, total cost, track commander, traffic control, training cadre, training camp, training center, training chest, training company, training cost, transit corridor, transport capacity, transport column, transport company, transport, cargo, transportation chief, travel card, trial counsel, troop, troop carrier, troop commander, truncated cone, till countermanded, тактический компьютер9) Техника: Threshold Circuit, Transmitting Circuits, technicolor, telecommunications, telegraph central office, telegraph repeater set, telephone central office, telephone repeater set, temporary correction, test categories, tetracycle, thermal compression, time compensation, timing channel, toll center, tone control, track chambers division, tracking camera, tracking console, tracking cross, traffic control unit, transceiver code, военное обозначение буксируемых кабелей, Tilting Cylinder( наклонный цилиндр)10) Шутливое выражение: Terror Cat, Tickle Club, Timothy Club, Tiny Chris, Total Clown, Tough Cat11) Химия: Temperature Compensated, Theoretical Chemistry, tungsten carbide( карбид вольфрама; твёрдый сплав)12) Математика: Transitive Closure13) Религия: Teen Christians, The Calling, The Chosen, The Crossover, Transcend Christ, Trenton Catholic, True Christians14) Юридический термин: Tax Court, Tribal Council15) Экономика: traveller's check, общие издержки (total costs)16) Страхование: Transcontainer17) Автомобильный термин: turbocharger, traction control18) Биржевой термин: Top Cap19) Ветеринария: Teeth And Claws, Tubby Cat20) Грубое выражение: Tiny Cock, Too Chubby21) Металлургия: Telescoping Collar22) Политика: United Arab Emirates23) Телекоммуникации: Telephone Call, Terminating Channel, Transmission Control, Transport Connection, telecommunications closet, Transmitted Signal Element Timing (DCE Source, EIA-232)24) Сокращение: Civil aircraft marking (Turkey), Tactical Controller, Teachers College, Telemeter Channel, Time Check, Training Camp / Centre, Training Cargo, Trusteeship Council, Turks and Caicos Islands, tape core, temperature compensating, terra cotta, thread cutting, timed closing, toilet case, top chord25) Текстиль: Two Clusters26) Университет: Test Consequence, Test Curve27) Физика: Temperature Control, Thermal Control28) Физиология: Thecal Cell, Throat culture, Tissue Culture, Total Cholesterol29) Электроника: Technical Component, Tesla Coil, Timely Cycle, True Complement30) Вычислительная техника: Terminal Computer, Transaction Capabilities, teracycle, time of computation, transfer complete, transfer control, transmission controller, transmission convergence, Task Committee (IFIP), Technical Committee (ISO, OASIS)31) Нефть: service water storage tank, time charter, tool closed, top choke, tubing choke, верхний штуцер (top choke), карбид вольфрама (tungsten carbide), скважинный инструмент закрыт (tool closed), устьевой штуцер (top choke), штуцер насосно-компрессорной колонны (tubing choke)32) Иммунология: Treatment Coefficient33) Биохимия: Tetracycline34) Транспорт: Tariff Class, Tercel Coupe, Tire Chalked, Toilet Car, Touring Car, Touring Coupe, Trans Canada, Transportation Centre, Truck Camper, Truck Crane, Turbo Compound, Twin Cam, Twin Carburettor, Two Cycle35) Пищевая промышленность: Totally Crunchy, Tropical Chicken, Tuff Cat, Tuna Casserole36) Воздухоплавание: Terminal Control Areas37) Фирменный знак: Techno- Components, Theatre Company, Tramway Company, Transport Canada38) СМИ: Textual Criticism, The Times Courier, Title Card, Top Celeb39) Деловая лексика: Tech Center, Too Cheap40) Бурение: инструмент закрыт (tool closed; скважинный)41) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: toxic chemical, контроллер температуры (Temperature controller), регулятор температуры (temperature controller)42) Образование: Teens Conference43) Инвестиции: traveler's check44) Сетевые технологии: Transport Convergence45) ЕБРР: technical cooperation46) Полимеры: technically classified, temperature coefficient, thermocouple, time closing, total carbon47) Автоматика: teflon composite48) Полупроводники: Curie temperature49) Сахалин Р: Temperature controller, temperature controller50) Химическое оружие: Ton container, to contain, toxicity characteristic, type classification51) Макаров: terminal controller, terminate counting, thermal conductivity, thermocompression, time code52) Безопасность: Transform Coding53) Расширение файла: Tape Command, Termcap, Turbo C Configuration file54) SAP.тех. экранная таблица55) Логистика: treatment charge (авиапоставка), транспортная служба56) Строительные материалы: tungsten carbide57) Электротехника: temperature compensation, test chamber, test conductor, thermocurrent, tinned copper, transient conditions, trip coil58) Фантастика Terra Crusher59) Имена и фамилии: Tamara Cole, Tom Clark, Tom Cruise60) Молекулярная биология: tropocollagen61) Общественная организация: Tomorrow's Child62) Должность: Technical Communication, Technology Consultant, Tennis Coach, Top Cop63) Чат: Thread Count, Too Cool, Too Cute, Too Cynical, Topic Centric, Totally Clueless, Tough Cookie64) Правительство: Traverse City, Twin Cities65) NYSE. Thailand Capital Fund, Inc.66) НАСА: Telecommand, Terrestrial Class67) Программное обеспечение: Tab Crawler68) СМС: Take Care69) Международные перевозки: traffic conference area (IATA) -
17 tc
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Transcribing Complex, ТК (торговая компания)2) Компьютерная техника: Table Caption, Terminal Control, Text Compression, Transaction Computer, Transaction Controller, tertiary centre3) Биология: total capacity4) Авиация: Transit Corridor (NATO) (Air lanes established for transit in the rear area of the battle theater), Test cell5) Медицина: Therapeutic Community6) Американизм: Tax Credit, Time Conflict, Total Control, Total Costs, Trade Classification, Trilateral Commission7) Спорт: командные соревнования8) Военный термин: Tactical Computer, Tank Company, Tank Corps, Target Concept, Test Case, Test Comprehensiveness, Thin Client, Tiger Cat, Tin Can, Total Confusion, Total Conversion, Transition Component, Transport Command, Transport Cradles, Transportation Coordinator, Transportation Corps, Tunnel Coordinates, Type Code, tactical command, tactical control, tactical coordinator, tank car, tank commander, target chart, target classification, target complex, team chief, technical center, technical characteristics, technical circular, technical committee, technical communications, technical control, temporary commission, terminal correction, terrain clearance, terrain correction, test center, test chief, test console, test control, test controller, test coordinator, time constant, topographic center, torpedo control, total cost, track commander, traffic control, training cadre, training camp, training center, training chest, training company, training cost, transit corridor, transport capacity, transport column, transport company, transport, cargo, transportation chief, travel card, trial counsel, troop, troop carrier, troop commander, truncated cone, till countermanded, тактический компьютер9) Техника: Threshold Circuit, Transmitting Circuits, technicolor, telecommunications, telegraph central office, telegraph repeater set, telephone central office, telephone repeater set, temporary correction, test categories, tetracycle, thermal compression, time compensation, timing channel, toll center, tone control, track chambers division, tracking camera, tracking console, tracking cross, traffic control unit, transceiver code, военное обозначение буксируемых кабелей, Tilting Cylinder( наклонный цилиндр)10) Шутливое выражение: Terror Cat, Tickle Club, Timothy Club, Tiny Chris, Total Clown, Tough Cat11) Химия: Temperature Compensated, Theoretical Chemistry, tungsten carbide( карбид вольфрама; твёрдый сплав)12) Математика: Transitive Closure13) Религия: Teen Christians, The Calling, The Chosen, The Crossover, Transcend Christ, Trenton Catholic, True Christians14) Юридический термин: Tax Court, Tribal Council15) Экономика: traveller's check, общие издержки (total costs)16) Страхование: Transcontainer17) Автомобильный термин: turbocharger, traction control18) Биржевой термин: Top Cap19) Ветеринария: Teeth And Claws, Tubby Cat20) Грубое выражение: Tiny Cock, Too Chubby21) Металлургия: Telescoping Collar22) Политика: United Arab Emirates23) Телекоммуникации: Telephone Call, Terminating Channel, Transmission Control, Transport Connection, telecommunications closet, Transmitted Signal Element Timing (DCE Source, EIA-232)24) Сокращение: Civil aircraft marking (Turkey), Tactical Controller, Teachers College, Telemeter Channel, Time Check, Training Camp / Centre, Training Cargo, Trusteeship Council, Turks and Caicos Islands, tape core, temperature compensating, terra cotta, thread cutting, timed closing, toilet case, top chord25) Текстиль: Two Clusters26) Университет: Test Consequence, Test Curve27) Физика: Temperature Control, Thermal Control28) Физиология: Thecal Cell, Throat culture, Tissue Culture, Total Cholesterol29) Электроника: Technical Component, Tesla Coil, Timely Cycle, True Complement30) Вычислительная техника: Terminal Computer, Transaction Capabilities, teracycle, time of computation, transfer complete, transfer control, transmission controller, transmission convergence, Task Committee (IFIP), Technical Committee (ISO, OASIS)31) Нефть: service water storage tank, time charter, tool closed, top choke, tubing choke, верхний штуцер (top choke), карбид вольфрама (tungsten carbide), скважинный инструмент закрыт (tool closed), устьевой штуцер (top choke), штуцер насосно-компрессорной колонны (tubing choke)32) Иммунология: Treatment Coefficient33) Биохимия: Tetracycline34) Транспорт: Tariff Class, Tercel Coupe, Tire Chalked, Toilet Car, Touring Car, Touring Coupe, Trans Canada, Transportation Centre, Truck Camper, Truck Crane, Turbo Compound, Twin Cam, Twin Carburettor, Two Cycle35) Пищевая промышленность: Totally Crunchy, Tropical Chicken, Tuff Cat, Tuna Casserole36) Воздухоплавание: Terminal Control Areas37) Фирменный знак: Techno- Components, Theatre Company, Tramway Company, Transport Canada38) СМИ: Textual Criticism, The Times Courier, Title Card, Top Celeb39) Деловая лексика: Tech Center, Too Cheap40) Бурение: инструмент закрыт (tool closed; скважинный)41) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: toxic chemical, контроллер температуры (Temperature controller), регулятор температуры (temperature controller)42) Образование: Teens Conference43) Инвестиции: traveler's check44) Сетевые технологии: Transport Convergence45) ЕБРР: technical cooperation46) Полимеры: technically classified, temperature coefficient, thermocouple, time closing, total carbon47) Автоматика: teflon composite48) Полупроводники: Curie temperature49) Сахалин Р: Temperature controller, temperature controller50) Химическое оружие: Ton container, to contain, toxicity characteristic, type classification51) Макаров: terminal controller, terminate counting, thermal conductivity, thermocompression, time code52) Безопасность: Transform Coding53) Расширение файла: Tape Command, Termcap, Turbo C Configuration file54) SAP.тех. экранная таблица55) Логистика: treatment charge (авиапоставка), транспортная служба56) Строительные материалы: tungsten carbide57) Электротехника: temperature compensation, test chamber, test conductor, thermocurrent, tinned copper, transient conditions, trip coil58) Фантастика Terra Crusher59) Имена и фамилии: Tamara Cole, Tom Clark, Tom Cruise60) Молекулярная биология: tropocollagen61) Общественная организация: Tomorrow's Child62) Должность: Technical Communication, Technology Consultant, Tennis Coach, Top Cop63) Чат: Thread Count, Too Cool, Too Cute, Too Cynical, Topic Centric, Totally Clueless, Tough Cookie64) Правительство: Traverse City, Twin Cities65) NYSE. Thailand Capital Fund, Inc.66) НАСА: Telecommand, Terrestrial Class67) Программное обеспечение: Tab Crawler68) СМС: Take Care69) Международные перевозки: traffic conference area (IATA) -
18 office
сущ.1) общ. должность, служба, постoath of office — присяга при вступлении в должность, должностная присяга
the party in office — партия, находящаяся у власти
scramble for office — погоня за должностью, борьба за должность
to be in office, to hold office — быть у власти, занимать пост [должность\]
to enter upon the office, to come [get\] into office, to take office — приступать к исполнению служебных обязанностей, вступить в должность, придти к власти
to go out of office, to resign office — сложить с себя полномочия, уйти со службы [в отставку\]
He held office for 10 years. — Он занимал должность 10 лет.
See:2) упр. офис, кабинет, контора, канцелярия, отделprivate office — личный [отдельный\] кабинет
The chairman's office is to the left. — Кабинет председателя налево.
See:advertising office, branch office, buyers office, cashier's office, director's office б) office block, office employee, office manager, office work, office worker, clerical work, paper work3)а) гос. упр. ведомство, службаSyn:See:Agricultural Trade Office, Export Development Office, register office, registry office, registration office, European Patent Office, Office of Antiboycott Compliance, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Office of Export Trading Company Affairs, Office of Foreign Assets Control, Office of Munitions Control, Office of Price Administration, Office of Special Counsel for Immigration-Related Unfair Employment Practices, Office of the United States Trade Representative, Office of the US Trade Representative, office of price stabilization, Statistical Office of the European Communitiesб) брит. министерствоto be in office, to hold office — входить в состав правительства, иметь министерский портфель
Syn:agency, department 2) а)See:Cabinet Office, Department for Constitutional Affairs, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Culture, Media and Sport4) упр. обязанность, задача, функция5) общ. услугаthrough smb.'s good offices — благодаря чьему-л. посредничеству
See:6) упр. конторские служащие, сотрудники, коллеги (как правило, с определенным артиклем)The whole office was at her wedding. — На ее свадьбе присутствовали все ее коллеги.
See:
* * *
офис, рабочее помещение.* * *• офис• офисный -
19 Bibliography
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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography
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20 British
British ['brɪtɪʃ]∎ the British les Britanniques mpl, les Anglais mplbritannique, anglais;∎ British goods produits mpl anglais;∎ British the best of British (luck)! bonne chance!►► the British Academy = organisme public d'aide à la recherche dans le domaine des lettres;formerly Aviation & Commerce British Aerospace British Aerospace f (principale société de construction aéronautique et spatiale britannique);British Antarctic Territory territoire m de l'Antarctique britannique;Military British Army of the Rhine = forces armées britanniques établies en Allemagne de l'Ouest après la Seconde Guerre mondiale;Cinema British Board of Film Classification = organisme britannique délivrant les visas de sortie pour les films;Radio & Television the British Broadcasting Corporation la BBC;British Columbia la Colombie-Britannique;∎ in British Columbia en Colombie-Britannique;1 noun= habitant ou natif de la Colombie-Britanniquede la Colombie-Britannique;the British Commonwealth le Commonwealth;Administration the British Council = organisme public chargé de promouvoir la langue et la culture anglaises;History the British East India Company la Compagnie britannique des Indes orientales;the British Embassy l'ambassade f de Grande-Bretagne;History the British Empire l'Empire m britannique;British English anglais m britannique;Cinema British Film Institute = organisme britannique de promotion du cinéma (aide à la réalisation notamment);formerly British Gas = société de production et de distribution du gaz;(former) British Honduras (l'ex) Honduras m britannique;∎ in British Honduras au Honduras britannique;British Institute of Management = organisme britannique dont la fonction est de renseigner et de conseiller les entreprises en matière de gestion, ainsi que de promouvoir l'enseignement de cette discipline;the British Isles les îles fpl Britanniques;∎ in the British Isles aux îles Britanniques;British Legion = organisme d'aide aux anciens combattants;British Library = la bibliothèque nationale britannique;Sport the British Lions = équipe de rugby à quinze constituée des joueurs sélectionnés dans les quatre équipes nationales (Angleterre, pays de Galles, Écosse et Irlande);British Museum = grand musée et bibliothèque londoniens;British Nuclear Fuels = entreprise publique de production de combustibles nucléaires;the British Open = important championnat de golf qui se tient chaque année en Grande-Bretagne;formerly British Rail = société des chemins de fers britanniques, ≃ SNCF f;British Standards Institution = association britannique de normalisation;formerly British Steel = société britannique de production d'acier;British Summer Time = heure d'été britannique;British Technology Group = organisme privé britannique commercialisant des innovations technologiques élaborées par des universités ou des inventeurs;formerly British Telecom = société britannique de télécommunications;Physics British thermal unit calorie f britannique, ≃ 1055,06 joules mplⓘ BRITISH COUNCIL Le British Council est chargé de promouvoir la langue et la culture anglaises, et de renforcer les liens culturels avec les autres pays.ⓘ THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY Fondée en 1600 pour contrôler le commerce dans les colonies, la Compagnie joua, à partir du XVIIIème siècle, un rôle de plus en plus politique en Inde, pour finalement devenir l'agent de l'impérialisme britannique; elle disparut dans les années 1870.ⓘ BRITISH GAS/TELECOM/RAIL Plusieurs services britanniques autrefois publics ont été successivement privatisés. En 1984, les résaux de télécommunications sont rachetés par British Telecom. Cet opérateur privé en assure le monopole jusqu'en 1991, lorsque le marché est ouvert à la concurrence. British Telecom devient alors BT et partage le marché avec plusieurs autres compagnies. British Gas est privatisé en 1986 et a pris le nom de Centrica. British Rail est partagé dans les années 90 entre Railtrack, propriétaire des stations et lignes de chemin de fer, et plusieurs petites compagnies qui assurent le trafic ferroviaire.
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